Author Names |
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Book Titles |
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Editions |
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Place of Publication |
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Publisher |
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Digital Object Identifiers (DOIs) |
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Access URLs |
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In your research you will often encounter articles that refer to another researcher's work. This source within a source is known as a 'secondary source' and is referenced in a particular way. Where possible, you should try to obtain the original work being referenced and read through the research to form your own opinions. Often, however, it is impossible to obtain the original publication - it may be published in another language, or in a book or journal which is difficult to access. In these circumstances, you are permitted to include a citation to the secondary source. For more information on how to reference these resources see the page on Secondary sources. |
Move the Title up to the author position:
Book with a DOI (print or electronic) |
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Book from a library database (with no DOI) |
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Book found on the web (with no DOI) |
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Print book (with no DOI) |
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Reference list examples:
Every time you paraphrase, or use an idea from another source you must include an in-text citation to that source.
This is the general format for a source that has no author: (Book Title, Year)
If the title is long, you can shorten it for use in the in-text citation.
Example:
Australians see their health as more important than ever (Australian Health, 2016).
Note that the title is capitalised for the in-text citation, but not for the reference list entry. Both are in italics.
Direct Quotations
In order to improve their health, 1 in 3 people have at least attempted an exercise regimen (Australian Health, 2016, p. 13).
NOTE: Use "p" when quoting from one page - for example (What Now?, 2019, p. 14), and "pp" when quoting from more than one page - for example (What Now?, 2019, pp. 14-15).
Book with a DOI (print or electronic) |
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Book from a library database (with no DOI) |
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Book found on the web (with no DOI) |
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Print book (with no DOI) |
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Reference list examples:
Every time you paraphrase, or use an idea from another source you must include an in-text citation to that source.
This is the general format for a source that has 1 author: (Author Surname, Year)
Example:
Australian education providers will need to address a number of challenges to ensure standards of special education are fully supporting students with special needs and their families (Dempsey, 2012).
Direct Quotations
“These films absorb, through a collage of images, traces of the Italian inheritance of neo-realist cinema” (Acciari, 2014, p. 14).
NOTE: Use "p" when quoting from one page - for example (Acciari, 2014, p. 14), and "pp" when quoting from more than one page - for example (Wessel, 2015, pp. 53-54).
Book with a DOI (print or electronic) |
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Book from a library database (with no DOI) |
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Book found on the web (with no DOI) |
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Print book (with no DOI) |
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Reference list examples:
Every time you paraphrase, or use an idea from another source you must include an in-text citation to that source.
This is the general format for a source that has 2 authors: (1st Author surname & 2nd Author surname, Year)
Example:
New technologies need to be evaluated before large scale investment is made by organisations (Marra & Edmond, 2014).
Direct Quotations
"The convergence of media means that the dichotomy between old and new media economies is hard to maintain" (Gorton & Garde-Hansen, 2013, p. 298).
NOTE: Use "p" when quoting from one page - for example (Smith & Jones, 2019, p. 14), and "pp" when quoting from more than one page - for example (Smith & Jones, 2019, pp. 14-15).
Book with a DOI (print or electronic) |
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Book from a library database (with no DOI) |
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Book found on the web (with no DOI) |
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Print book (with no DOI) |
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Continue the above patterns, adding additional authors as needed.
Reference list examples:
Every time you paraphrase, or use an idea from another source you must include an in-text citation to that source.
This is the general format for a source that has 3 or more authors: (1st Author surname et al., Year)
Example:
... techniques including visual observations during ambulation on a flat surface (McDonald et al., 2006).
Direct Quotations
Jorm et al. (2006, p. 4) argue "the key areas for action are prevention and early intervention with first-onset disorders".
NOTE: Use "p" when quoting from one page - for example (Smith et al., 2019, p. 14), and "pp" when quoting from more than one page - for example (Smith et al., 2019, pp. 14-15).
'Corporate authors' are groups, societies or organisations who have written publications. This includes universities, research groups, museums, government departments, professional associations, and so on.
Book with a DOI (print or electronic) |
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Book from a library database (with no DOI) |
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Book found on the web (with no DOI) |
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Print book (with no DOI) |
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Reference list examples:
The first example shows a book where the author and the publisher are the same. The publisher is left out in these cases to avoid repetition.
Every time you paraphrase, or use an idea from another source you must include an in-text citation to that source.
This is the general format for a source that has 1 author: (Corporate Author, Year)
Example:
Thousands of teachers, principals, early childhood workers and academics have graduated and gone on to make their mark in and out of the classroom in communities (University of Newcastle, 2009).
If an author's name is known by a common acronym (eg. ABS for Australian Bureau of Statistics, AIHW for Australian Institute for Health and Welfare), include the full name, plus the acronym in the first in-text citation, in the format:
(Corporate Author [CA], Year)
Example:
"Over half of people aged 15 years and older (56%) considered their overall health to be very good or excellent, and 29% stated that their health was good" (Australian Bureau of Statistics [ABS], 2009, p. 3).
In subsequent references, include just the acronym:
(CA, Year)
Example:
... 19% of people aged 18 years and over (19%) were current daily smokers (ABS, 2009).
Direct Quotations
“These films absorb, through a collage of images, traces of the Italian inheritance of neo-realist cinema” (Acciari, 2014, p. 14).
NOTE: Use "p" when quoting from one page - for example (NSW Health, 2019, p. 14), and "pp" when quoting from more than one page - for example (NSW Health, 2019, pp. 14-15).
A note on referencing edited booksEdited books contain chapters written by different authors. In most cases you would actually want to reference the individual chapters you use from the edited book, not the edited book itself. See the Book chapters page for more. |
Book with a single editor:
Book with a DOI (print or electronic) |
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Book from a library database (with no DOI) |
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Book found on the web (with no DOI) |
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Print book (with no DOI) |
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Book with 2 or more editors:
Book with a DOI (print or electronic) |
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Book from a library database (with no DOI) |
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Book found on the web (with no DOI) |
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Print book (with no DOI) |
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Continue to follow the pattern above to add more editors. Note the 's' added in the brackets for multiple editors
Reference list examples:
Book with a DOI (print or electronic) |
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Book from a library database (with no DOI) |
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Book found on the web (with no DOI) |
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Print book (with no DOI) |
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Reference list examples:
Every time you paraphrase, or use an idea from another source you must include an in-text citation to that source.
For these books, follow the author formatting for the number of authors involved but use 'n.d.' in place of the year - for example, (Southey, n.d.).
Direct Quotations
Use the pagination on the document, adding "p" when quoting from one page - for example (Acciari, n.d., p. 14), and "pp" when quoting from more than one page - for example (Wessel, n.d., pp. 2-3).
General notes: |
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For a stand-alone graphic novel:
Print graphic novel (with no DOI) |
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Graphic novel with a DOI (print or electronic) |
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Graphic Novel from a library database (with no DOI) |
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Graphic Novel found on the web (with no DOI) |
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For a graphic novel from a series (common for Marvel, DC, etc.):
Print graphic novel (with no DOI) |
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Graphic novel with a DOI (print or electronic) |
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Graphic Novel from a library database (with no DOI) |
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Graphic Novel found on the web (with no DOI) |
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Reference list examples:
Every time you paraphrase, or use an idea from another source you must include an in-text citation to that source.
For graphic novels, follow the author formatting for the number of authors involved.
Example:
Maus views the history of the Jewish people through the lens of a anthropormorphised rodent protagonist (Spiegelman, 2011).
Direct Quotations
When the stray dog found by Hawkeye is identified as 'Arrow' via his tag, Hawkeye suggests that he'll "come up with something better" (Fraction, Aja, & Pulido, 2013, p. 21).
NOTE: Use "p" when quoting from one page and "pp" when quoting from more multiple pages.
For children's books (illustrated or otherwise) and books from graded reading schemes (such as Springboard, PM Library, Macmillan Readers, etc), refer to the information on the Education Resources page. |
For online and print syllabus documents, refer to the information on the Education Resources page. If you are referring to syllabus information on a website (rather than a downloaded document), you should cite the information as a web page. |
For information on how to reference entries or chapters from reference works such as:
see the Book chapters page. |
Book with a DOI (print or electronic) |
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Book from a library database (with no DOI) |
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Book found on the web (with no DOI) |
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Print book (with no DOI) |
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Note that there is no full-stop after the bracket at the end of a reference for translated source.
Reference list examples:
Every time you paraphrase, or use an idea from another source you must include an in-text citation to that source.
This is the general format for a source that has been translated is: (Author Surname, Original Year/Republished Year)
Example:
Kitchen transposes bereavement against the life and love that the titular location embodies (Yoshimoto, 1988/1993).
Direct Quotations
Yoshimoto (1988/1993, p. 3) suggests that tiles "catching the light" is one of the reasons for the title character loving the kitchen so much.
NOTE: Use "p" when quoting from one page and "pp" when quoting from more multiple pages.
For information on how to reference classic or religious works, see the information on the APA Style Blog: |
For advice on how to reference chapters from difficult textbooks such as:
see the Book chapters page for more information.
For other textbooks with clear authors or editors see the other tabs on this page and/or the Book chapters page. |
A number of organisations still publish print pamphlets and brochures. For referencing information and examples, refer to the Health Resources page. |
For pamphlets and brochures found online, refer to the Web resources page. |
Course readers and compiled texts are usually collections of chapters and articles specifically chosen as readings for a particular subject. To reference from these publications see the notes on the Course Material page. |
General notes: |
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Masters thesis from a database |
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Masters thesis found on the web |
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Print thesis |
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Reference list examples:
Every time you paraphrase, or use an idea from another source you must include an in-text citation to that source.
This is the general format for a source that has 1 author: (Author Surname, Year)
Example:
Australian education providers will need to address a number of challenges to ensure standards of special education are fully supporting students with special needs and their families (Dempsey, 2012).
Direct Quotations
“These films absorb, through a collage of images, traces of the Italian inheritance of neo-realist cinema” (Acciari, 2014, p. 14).
NOTE: Use "p" when quoting from one page - for example (Acciari, 2014, p. 14), and "pp" when quoting from more than one page - for example (Wessel, 2015, pp. 53-54).
General notes: |
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PhD thesis from a database |
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PhD thesis found on the web |
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Print thesis |
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Reference list examples:
Every time you paraphrase, or use an idea from another source you must include an in-text citation to that source.
This is the general format for a source that has 1 author: (Author Surname, Year)
Example:
Australian education providers will need to address a number of challenges to ensure standards of special education are fully supporting students with special needs and their families (Dempsey, 2012).
Direct Quotations
“These films absorb, through a collage of images, traces of the Italian inheritance of neo-realist cinema” (Acciari, 2014, p. 14).
NOTE: Use "p" when quoting from one page - for example (Acciari, 2014, p. 14), and "pp" when quoting from more than one page - for example (Wessel, 2015, pp. 53-54).