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| Article Titles |
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| Journal Titles |
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| Volume |
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| Issue Number |
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| Page Numbers |
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| Article numbers |
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| Digital Object Identifiers (DOIs) |
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| Access URLs |
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In your research you will often encounter articles that refer to another researcher's work. This source within a source is known as a 'secondary source' and is referenced in a particular way. Where possible, you should try to obtain the original work being referenced and read through the research to form your own opinions. Often, however, it is impossible to obtain the original publication - it may be published in another language, or in a book or journal which is difficult to access. In these circumstances, you are permitted to include a citation to the secondary source. For more information on how to reference these resources see the page on Secondary sources. |
Move the Title up to the author position:
| Article with a DOI (print or electronic) |
Article title: Subtitle. (Year). Journal Title, Volume(Issue), Page-Page. https://doi.org/10.xxxx |
| Article from a library or database (with no DOI) |
Article title: Subtitle. (Year). Journal Title, Volume(Issue), Page-Page. Do not include an access link |
| Article found on the web (with no DOI) |
Article title: Subtitle. (Year). Journal Title, Volume(Issue), Page-Page. https://www... |
| Print article (with no DOI) |
Article title: Subtitle. (Year). Journal Title, Volume(Issue), Page-Page. |
Reference list examples:
Australians turning to Dr Google for health advice. (2016). Australian Nursing and Midwifery Journal, 24(4), 13. https://issuu.com/australiannursingfederation/docs/anmj_oct16_issuu
Every time you paraphrase, or use an idea from another source you must include an in-text citation to that source.
This is the general format for a source that has no author: ("Article Title," Year)
Note that the comma is enclosed by the double-quote marks, not after them.
If the title is long, you can shorten it for use in the in-text citation.
Example:
Consumers are being more active in managing their health ("Australians Turning to Dr Google," 2016).
Note that the title is capitalised and in double-quotes for the in-text citation, but not for the reference list entry.
The example above is a news article on a single page from a trade/industry journal that has no author listed.
Direct Quotations
In order to "avoid face-to-face appointments", 1 in 3 people accessed information online ("Australians Turning to Dr Google," 2016, p. 13).
NOTE: Use "p" when quoting from one page - for example ("Trying Times", 2019, p. 14), and "pp" when quoting from more than one page - for example ("Trying Times", 2019, pp. 14-15).
| Article with a DOI (print or electronic) |
Author Surname, Initial. (Year). Article title: Subtitle. Journal Title, Volume(Issue), Page-Page. https://doi.org/10.xxxx |
| Article from a library or database (with no DOI) |
Author Surname, Initial. (Year). Article title: Subtitle. Journal Title, Volume(Issue), Page-Page. Do not include an access link |
| Article found on the web (with no DOI) |
Author Surname, Initial. (Year). Article title: Subtitle. Journal Title, Volume(Issue), Page-Page. https://www... |
| Print article (with no DOI) |
Author Surname, Initial. (Year). Article title: Subtitle. Journal Title, Volume(Issue), Page-Page. |
Reference list examples:
Acciari, M. (2014). The Italianization of Bollywood cinema: Ad hoc films. Studies in European Cinema, 11(1), 14-25. https://doi.org/10.1080/17411548.2014.903099
Tucciarone, K. (2014). Influence of popular television programming on students’ perception about course selection, major, and career. Popular Culture Studies Journal, 2(1&2), 172-193. https://mpcaaca.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/B08-Tucciarone-Influence-of-Popular-Television-Programming.pdf
Wessel, K. B. (2015). How an aging population is transforming nursing. Nursing, 45(6), 52-55. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.NURSE.0000461856.10691.da
Every time you paraphrase, or use an idea from another source you must include an in-text citation to that source.
This is the general format for a source that has 1 author: (Author Surname, Year)
Example:
Australian education providers will need to address a number of challenges to ensure standards of special education are fully supporting students with special needs and their families (Dempsey, 2012).
Direct Quotations
“These films absorb, through a collage of images, traces of the Italian inheritance of neo-realist cinema” (Acciari, 2014, p. 14).
NOTE: Use "p" when quoting from one page - for example (Acciari, 2014, p. 14), and "pp" when quoting from more than one page - for example (Wessel, 2015, pp. 53-54).
| Article with a DOI (print or electronic) |
1st Author Surname, Initial., & 2nd Author Surname, Initial. (Year). Article title: Subtitle. Journal Title, Volume(Issue), Page-Page. https://doi.org/10.xxxx |
| Article from a library or database (with no DOI) |
1st Author Surname, Initial., & 2nd Author Surname, Initial. (Year). Article title: Subtitle. Journal Title, Volume(Issue), Page-Page. Do not include an access link |
| Article found on the web (with no DOI) |
1st Author Surname, Initial., & 2nd Author Surname, Initial. (Year). Article title: Subtitle. Journal Title, Volume(Issue), Page-Page. https://www... |
| Print article (with no DOI) |
1st Author Surname, Initial., & 2nd Author Surname, Initial. (Year). Article title: Subtitle. Journal Title, Volume(Issue), Page-Page. |
Reference list examples:
Gorton, K., & Garde-Hansen, J. (2013). From old media whore to new media troll: The online negotiation of Madonna’s ageing body. Feminist Media Studies, 13(2), 288-302.
Marra, A. R., & Edmond, M. B. (2014). New technologies to monitor healthcare worker hand hygiene. Clinical Microbiology & Infection, 20(1), 29-33. https://doi.org/10.1111/1469-0691.12458
McAlister, M., & Gartland, C. (2019). The use of safety engineered medical devices to prevent needle stick injuries in the clinical setting. Australian Nursing and Midwifery Journal, 26(8), 18-21. https://anmj.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Oct-Dec2019ANMJ.pdf
Every time you paraphrase, or use an idea from another source you must include an in-text citation to that source.
This is the general format for a source that has 2 authors: (1st Author surname & 2nd Author surname, Year)
Example:
New technologies need to be evaluated before large scale investment is made by organisations (Marra & Edmond, 2014).
Direct Quotations
"The convergence of media means that the dichotomy between old and new media economies is hard to maintain" (Gorton & Garde-Hansen, 2013, p. 298).
NOTE: Use "p" when quoting from one page - for example (McAlister & Gartland, 2019, p. 20), and "pp" when quoting from more than one page - for example (McAlister & Gartland, 2019, pp. 20-21).
This pattern is used for articles with up to 20 authors:
| Article with a DOI (print or electronic) |
1st Author Surname, Initial., 2nd Author Surname, Initial., & 3rd Author Surname, Initial. (Year). Article title: Subtitle. Journal Title, Volume(Issue), Page-Page. https://doi.org/10.xxxx |
| Article from a library or database (with no DOI) |
1st Author Surname, Initial., 2nd Author Surname, Initial., & 3rd Author Surname, Initial. (Year). Article title: Subtitle. Journal Title, Volume(Issue), Page-Page. Do not include an access link |
| Article found on the web (with no DOI) |
1st Author Surname, Initial., 2nd Author Surname, Initial., & 3rd Author Surname, Initial. (Year). Article title: Subtitle. Journal Title, Volume(Issue), Page-Page. https://www... |
| Print article (with no DOI) |
1st Author Surname, Initial., 2nd Author Surname, Initial., & 3rd Author Surname, Initial. (Year). Article title: Subtitle. Journal Title, Volume(Issue), Page-Page. |
Continue the above patterns, adding additional authors as needed. For articles with 21+ authors, see the next tab.
Reference list examples:
Barros, S., Nóbrega, M. P. S. S., Santos, J. C., Fonseca, L. M., & Floriano, L. S. M. (2019). Mental health in primary health care: Health-disease according to health professionals. Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem, 72(6), 1609-1617. https://doi.org /10.1590/0034-7167-2018-0743
Wilson, N. J., Cordier, R., Ciccarelli, M., MacCallum, J., Milbourn, B., Vaz, S., Joosten, A., Buchanan, A., McAuliffe, T., & Stancliffe, R. J. (2018). Intergenerational mentoring at Men's Sheds: A feasibility study. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 31(1), e105-e117. https://doi.org/10.1111/jar.12338
Every time you paraphrase, or use an idea from another source you must include an in-text citation to that source.
This is the general format for a source that has 3-20 authors: (1st Author surname et al., Year)
Example:
... techniques including visual observations during ambulation on a flat surface (McDonald et al., 2006).
Direct Quotations
Jorm et al. (2006, p. 4) argue "the key areas for action are prevention and early intervention with first-onset disorders".
NOTE: Use "p" when quoting from one page - for example (Smith et al., 2019, p. 14), and "pp" when quoting from more than one page - for example (Smith et al., 2019, pp. 14-15).
For 21+ authors, add the first 19, then an ellipsis (...), then the last author:
| Article with a DOI (print or electronic) |
1st Author Surname, Initial., 2nd Author Surname, Initial., 3rd Author Surname, Initial., 4th Author Surname, Initial., 5th Author Surname, Initial., 6th Author Surname, Initial., 7th Author Surname, Initial., 8th Author Surname, Initial., 9th Author Surname, Initial., 10th Author Surname, Initial., 11th Author Surname, Initial., 12th Author Surname, Initial., 13th Author Surname, Initial., 14th Author Surname, Initial., 15th Author Surname, Initial., 16th Author Surname, Initial., 17th Author Surname, Initial., 18th Author Surname, Initial., 19th Author Surname, Initial., … Last Author Surname, Initial. (Year). Article title: Subtitle. Journal Title, Volume(Issue), Page-Page. https://doi.org/10.xxxx |
| Article from a library or database (with no DOI) |
1st Author Surname, Initial., 2nd Author Surname, Initial., 3rd Author Surname, Initial., 4th Author Surname, Initial., 5th Author Surname, Initial., 6th Author Surname, Initial., 7th Author Surname, Initial., 8th Author Surname, Initial., 9th Author Surname, Initial., 10th Author Surname, Initial., 11th Author Surname, Initial., 12th Author Surname, Initial., 13th Author Surname, Initial., 14th Author Surname, Initial., 15th Author Surname, Initial., 16th Author Surname, Initial., 17th Author Surname, Initial., 18th Author Surname, Initial., 19th Author Surname, Initial., … Last Author Surname, Initial. (Year). Article title: Subtitle. Journal Title, Volume(Issue), Page-Page. Do not include an access link |
| Article found on the web (with no DOI) |
1st Author Surname, Initial., 2nd Author Surname, Initial., 3rd Author Surname, Initial., 4th Author Surname, Initial., 5th Author Surname, Initial., 6th Author Surname, Initial., 7th Author Surname, Initial., 8th Author Surname, Initial., 9th Author Surname, Initial., 10th Author Surname, Initial., 11th Author Surname, Initial., 12th Author Surname, Initial., 13th Author Surname, Initial., 14th Author Surname, Initial., 15th Author Surname, Initial., 16th Author Surname, Initial., 17th Author Surname, Initial., 18th Author Surname, Initial., 19th Author Surname, Initial., … Last Author Surname, Initial. (Year). Article title: Subtitle. Journal Title, Volume(Issue), Page-Page. https://www... |
| Print article (with no DOI) |
1st Author Surname, Initial., 2nd Author Surname, Initial., 3rd Author Surname, Initial., 4th Author Surname, Initial., 5th Author Surname, Initial., 6th Author Surname, Initial., 7th Author Surname, Initial., 8th Author Surname, Initial., 9th Author Surname, Initial., 10th Author Surname, Initial., 11th Author Surname, Initial., 12th Author Surname, Initial., 13th Author Surname, Initial., 14th Author Surname, Initial., 15th Author Surname, Initial., 16th Author Surname, Initial., 17th Author Surname, Initial., 18th Author Surname, Initial., 19th Author Surname, Initial., … Last Author Surname, Initial. (Year). Article title: Subtitle. Journal Title, Volume(Issue), Page-Page. |
Note that journal articles are the only resource to have this pattern, Everything else follows the '3 or more' pattern.
Reference list example:
Davies, G., Lam, M., Harris, S. E., Trampush, J. W., Luciano, M., Hill, W. D., Hagenaars, S. P., Ritchie, S. J., Marioni, R. E., Fawns-Ritchie, C., Liewald, D. C. M., Okely, J. A., Ahola-Olli, A. V., Barnes, C. L. K., Bertram, L., Bis, J. C., Burdick, K. E., Christoforou, A., DeRosse, P., ... Deary, I. J. (2018). Study of 300,486 individuals identifies 148 independent genetic loci influencing general cognitive function. Nature Communications, 9, Article 2098. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-04362-x
Note that the above example uses an Article Number. These are acceptable for APA 7. For direct quoting from articles like this, use the page numbers (1-...) on the article.
Every time you paraphrase, or use an idea from another source you must include an in-text citation to that source.
This is the general format for a source that has 3 or more authors: (1st Author surname et al., Year)
Example:
... techniques including visual observations during ambulation on a flat surface (McDonald et al., 2006).
Direct Quotations
Jorm et al. (2006, p. 4) argue "the key areas for action are prevention and early intervention with first-onset disorders".
NOTE: Use "p" when quoting from one page - for example (Smith et al., 2019, p. 14), and "pp" when quoting from more than one page - for example (Smith et al., 2019, pp. 14-15).
'Corporate authors' are groups, societies or organisations who have written publications. This includes universities, research groups, museums, government departments, professional associations, and so on.
| Article with a DOI (print or electronic) |
Corporate Author. (Year). Article title: Subtitle. Journal Title, Volume(Issue), Page-Page. https://doi.org/10.xxxx |
| Article from a library or database (with no DOI) |
Corporate Author. (Year). Article title: Subtitle. Journal Title, Volume(Issue), Page-Page. |
| Article found on the web (with no DOI) |
Corporate Author. (Year). Article title: Subtitle. Journal Title, Volume(Issue), Page-Page. https://www... |
| Print article (with no DOI) |
Corporate Author. (Year). Article title: Subtitle. Journal Title, Volume(Issue), Page-Page. |
Reference list examples:
AVERT Trial Collaboration group. (2015). Efficacy and safety of very early mobilisation within 24 h of stroke onset (AVERT): A randomised controlled trial. Lancet, 386(9988), 46-55. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60690-0
SPRINT Research Group. (2015). A randomized trial of intensive versus standard blood-pressure control. New England Journal of Medicine, 373(22), 2103-2116. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1511939
Every time you paraphrase, or use an idea from another source you must include an in-text citation to that source.
This is the general format for a source that has 1 author: (Corporate Author, Year)
Example:
Thousands of teachers, principals, early childhood workers and academics have graduated and gone on to make their mark in and out of the classroom in communities (University of Newcastle, 2009).
If an author's name is known by a common acronym (eg. ABS for Australian Bureau of Statistics, AIHW for Australian Institute for Health and Welfare), include the full name, plus the acronym in the first in-text citation, in the format:
(Corporate Author [CA], Year)
Example:
"Over half of people aged 15 years and older (56%) considered their overall health to be very good or excellent, and 29% stated that their health was good" (Australian Bureau of Statistics [ABS], 2009, p. 3).
In subsequent references, include just the acronym:
(CA, Year)
Example:
... 19% of people aged 18 years and over (19%) were current daily smokers (ABS, 2009).
Direct Quotations
“These films absorb, through a collage of images, traces of the Italian inheritance of neo-realist cinema” (Acciari, 2014, p. 14).
NOTE: Use "p" when quoting from one page - for example (NSW Health, 2019, p. 14), and "pp" when quoting from more than one page - for example (NSW Health, 2019, pp. 14-15).
Many journal publishers provide access to articles before they have been assigned a volume, issue or page numbers, referring to them as "Advance Publication" or "Online First" articles:
| Article with a DOI |
Author Surname, Initial. (Year). Article title: Subtitle. Journal Title. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.xxxx |
| Article found on the web (with no DOI) |
Author Surname, Initial. (Year). Article title: Subtitle. Journal Title. Advance online publication. https://www... |
Reference list examples:
Muldoon, K., Towse, J., Simms, V., Perra, O., & Menzies, V. (2012). A longitudinal analysis of estimation, counting skills, and mathematical ability across the first school year. Developmental Psychology. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0028240
Every time you paraphrase, or use an idea from another source you must include an in-text citation to that source.
For these articles, follow the author formatting for the number of authors involved - for example, for 3 authors, see the tab for that number.
Direct Quotations
Use the pagination on the document, adding "p" when quoting from one page - for example (Acciari, 2020, p. 14), and "pp" when quoting from more than one page - for example (Wessel, 2020, pp. 2-3).
'In-press' means that the article has been accepted for publication, but not yet published. These articles are different to the 'online first' article from the previous tab, as the content may not have been finalised.
As this is not the 'final version' of the article, we replace the year with the words 'in press':
| Article, In-press |
Author Surname, Initial. (in press). Article title: Subtitle. Journal Title. https://doi.org/10.xxxx |
Reference list examples:
Lopez Vasquez, K. (in press). Tay-Sachs disease. Journal of Neonatal Nursing. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnn.2020.02.001
Every time you paraphrase, or use an idea from another source you must include an in-text citation to that source.
For these articles, follow the author formatting for the number of authors involved - for the example above (2 authors), we follow that pattern to format the author, replacing the year with 'in press': (Burrows & Morrison, in press)
Direct Quotations
Use the pagination on the document, adding "p" when quoting from one page - for example (Acciari, in press, p. 14), and "pp" when quoting from more than one page - for example (Wessel, in press, pp. 2-3).
| Cochrane Library systematic review |
Reference as directed here |
| JBI systematic review |
Reference as directed here |
| Other systematic reviews |
Where the systematic review is available via a journal - reference as for a journal article and follow the formatting shown on the tabs on this page. If the systematic review is only available via a specialised database resource similar to Cochrane or JBI - follow the patterns outlined on the pages above. |
| Author Names |
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| Date |
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| Article Titles |
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| Newspaper and Magazine Titles |
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| Volume |
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| Issue Number |
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| Pagination |
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| Access URLs |
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| NOTE: APA 7 treats news sites differently to online newspapers. When in doubt, look to see if the news site started as a newspaper. If it did, reference following the patterns below. For general news sites (such as ABC News, CNN, etc.), reference using the pattern for news web pages. |
| Article found on the web |
Author Surname, Initial. (Year, Month Day). Article title. Newspaper Title. http://www... |
| Print article, single page |
Author Surname, Initial. (Year, Month Day). Article title. Newspaper Title, Page. |
| Print article, multiple pages |
Author Surname, Initial. (Year, Month Day). Article title. Newspaper Title, Page-Page. |
| Print article, non-consecutive pages |
Author Surname, Initial. (Year, Month Day). Article title. Newspaper Title, Page, Page-Page. |
| Print article, no author |
Article title. (Year, Month Day). Newspaper Title, Page. |
| Article from a library or database | Follow the pattern for the type of article as shown in the print examples above |
Reference list examples:
Australian Associated Press. (2019, November 24). More than 60 fires burn across New South Wales as $48m relief package announced. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2019/nov/24/more-than-60-fires-burn-across-new-south-wales-as-48m-relief-package-announced
McNeilage, A. (2014, July 7). Rapper basks in the beauty of Aboriginal culture. The Sydney Morning Herald, 6.
Every time you paraphrase, or use an idea from another source you must include an in-text citation to that source.
For these articles, follow the author formatting for the number of authors involved - for example, for 1 author, see the tab for that number.
Direct Quotations
Use the pagination on the document, adding "p" when quoting from one page - for example (Acciari, 2020, p. 14), and "pp" when quoting from more than one page - for example (Wessel, 2020, pp. 2-3).
Where the article is online and has no pagination, count the paragraphs and use that instead of pages, e.g. (Seber, 2019, para. 3).
| Article found on the web |
Author Surname, Initial. (Year, Month Day). Article title. Magazine Title, Volume(Issue), Page-Page. http://www... |
| Print article, single page |
Author Surname, Initial. (Year, Month Day). Article title. Magazine Title, Volume(Issue), Page. |
| Print article, multiple pages |
Author Surname, Initial. (Year, Month Day). Article title. Magazine Title, Volume(Issue), Page-Page. |
| Print article, non-consecutive pages |
Author Surname, Initial. (Year, Month Day). Article title. Magazine Title, Volume(Issue), Page, Page-Page. |
| Print article, no author |
Article title. (Year, Month Day). Magazine Title, Volume(Issue), Page-Page. |
| Article from a library or database | Follow the pattern for the type of article as shown in the print examples above |
Reference list examples:
Monroe, R. (2019, November 18). How natural wine became a symbol of virtuous consumption. The New Yorker. https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2019/11/25/how-natural-wine-became-a-symbol-of-virtuous-consumption
Proulx, A. (1997, October 13). Brokeback mountain. New Yorker. https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/1997/10/13/brokeback-mountain
In the examples above, no volume, issue, or page information is provided. In these cases, just cite the title of the online magazine and then provide the full access link.
Every time you paraphrase, or use an idea from another source you must include an in-text citation to that source.
For these articles, follow the author formatting for the number of authors involved - for example, for 1 author, see the tab for that number.
Direct Quotations
Use the pagination on the document, adding "p" when quoting from one page - for example (Acciari, 2020, p. 14), and "pp" when quoting from more than one page - for example (Wessel, 2020, pp. 2-3).
Where the article is online and has no pagination, count the paragraphs and use that instead of pages, e.g. (Seber, 2019, para. 3).
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General Notes: |
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| Book review from a print magazine or newspaper |
Reviewer Surname, Initial. (Year, Month Day). Title of review [Review of the book Book title, by Initial. Author Surname]. Title of Magazine or Newspaper, Page. |
| Book review from an online magazine or newspaper |
Reviewer Surname, Initial. (Year, Month Day). Title of review [Review of the book Book title, by Initial. Author Surname]. Title of Magazine or Newspaper. https://www... |
| Book review from a journal |
Reviewer Surname, Initial. (Year). Title of review [Review of the book Book title, by Initial. Author Surname]. Journal Title, Volume(issue), Page-Page. https://doi.org/10.xxxx |
Kakutani, M. (2016, November 7). Friendship takes a path that diverges [Review of the book Swing time, by Z. Smith]. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/ 08/books/zadie-smiths-swing-time-explores-friends-diverging-paths.html
Schatz, B. R. (2000, November 17). Learning by text or context? [Review of the book The social life of information, by J. S. Brown & P. Duguid]. Science, 290(5495), 1304. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.290.5495.1304
Every time you paraphrase, or use an idea from another source you must include an in-text citation to that source.
Follow the general pattern: (Author Surname, Year)
Example:
... has a certain directness that is pleasing to read (Smith, 2019).
Direct Quotations
“These films absorb, through a collage of images, traces of the Italian inheritance of neo-realist cinema” (Acciari, 2014, p. 14).
NOTE: Use "p" when quoting from one page - for example (Acciari, 2014, p. 14), and "pp" when quoting from more than one page - for example (Wessel, 2015, pp. 53-54).
This video will show you the basics of how to create in-text and reference list citations for journal articles using APA 7th style.
