Select a tab above to view the general rules and examples for various other sources
Chicago does not have a specific format for how to reference case studies as an individual resource - the formatting is reliant on the source material in which the case study is found, e.g. for a case study featured in a book, you would reference the book.
If required for your assignment, the case study can be specifically mentioned in your text, just add the standard notes for the source. As the case study is something specific within a larger resource, it is recommended that you add a page number to your notes to help the reader locate it.
For information on how to reference entries or chapters from reference works such as Dictionaries, Encyclopaedias, Thesaurii, Indexes, etc, see the Book chapters page.
Be sure to check with your lecturer if these kinds of resources are suitable for use in your assignments.
The following is the general format of a reference to an ABS document. Add the URL if the document is found online.
Note Number. Australian Bureau of Statistics, Title: Subtitle, cat. no. (Canberra: ABS, Date of Publication), page(s) cited.
1. Australian Bureau of Statistics, Regional Population Growth, Australia, 2016-17, cat. no. 3218.0 (Canberra: ABS, 2018), http://www.abs.gov.au/.
Note Number. Australian Bureau of Statistics, Shortened Title, page(or section) cited.
2. Australian Bureau of Statistics, Regional Population Growth, New South Wales.
Australian Bureau of Statistics. Title: Subtitle. Catalog No. Canberra: ABS, Date of Publication. URL.
Australian Bureau of Statistics. Regional Population Growth, Australia, 2017-18. Cat. no. 3218.0. Canberra: ABS, 2019. http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/3218.0.
The general format (i.e. NOT Chicago specific) for referencing ABS publications is available online from the Australian Bureau of Statistics.
1. 1 Thess. 4:11, 5:2–5, 5:14.
2. Heb. 13:8, 13:12.
3. Gen. 25:19–36:43.
4. 2 Sm 11:1–17, 11:26–27; 1 Chr 10:13–14.
5. Jo 5:9–12; Mt 26:2–5.
Note Number. Book. Chapter: Verse (Version).
1. 2 Kings 11:8 (New Revised Standard Version).
2. 1 Cor. 6:1–10 (NRSV).
Book reviews can be published in a variety of sources such as newspapers or journals. When citing book reviews, the general formatting is reliant on the source material in which the book review is published, but the following information should be always added after the title of the review in the format of Review of Title of book, by Author's First and Last Name.
The following is the general format with an example of a reference to a book review published in a newspaper and in an online journal.
Note Number. Reviewer, "Title of Review," review of Title of book, by Author's First and Last Name, Title of Source Work, vol no, issue no (Date of Publication): page(s) cited, DOI or URL.
1. Michiko Kakutani, "Zadie Smith’s ‘Swing Time’ Explores Friends’ Diverging Paths," review of Swing Time, by Zadie Smith, New York Times, (November 7, 2016), https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/08/books/zadie-smiths-swing-time-explores-friends-diverging-paths.html.
2. Bruce R. Schatz, "Learning by Text or Context?" review of The Social Life of Information, by John Seely Brown and Paul Duguid, Science, 290, no. 5495 (November 2000), doi:10.1126/science.290.5495.1304.
Note Number. Author's Last Names, "Shortened Article Title," page(s) cited.
3. Kakutani, "Zadie Smith’s."
Reviewer's Last Name, First Name. "Title of Review." Review of Title of book, by Author's First and Last Name. Title of Source Work, vol no, issue no (Publication Date): Page Range. DOI or URL.
Kakutani, Michiko. "Zadie Smith’s ‘Swing Time’ Explores Friends’ Diverging Paths." Review of Swing Time, by Zadie Smith. New York Times, November 7, 2016. https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/08/books/zadie-smiths-swing-time-explores-friends-diverging-paths.html.
Schatz, Bruce R. "Learning by Text or Context?" Review of The Social Life of Information, by John Seely Brown and Paul Duguid. Science, 290, no. 5495 (November 2000):1304. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.290.5495.1304.
To cite a data set, the minimum elements include the name of the dataset, a descriptive phrase or record locator (such as a data marker or accession number) indicating the part of the dataset being cited or explaining the nature of the reference, an access date, and a URL. In bibliographies, list under the name of the dataset. For example:
1. GenBank (for RP11-322N14 BAC [accession number AC087526.3]; accessed July 6, 2018), http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/19683167.
GenBank (for RP11-322N14 BAC [accession number AC087526.3]; accessed July 6, 2018). http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/19683167.
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The University of Newcastle library requires that you reference the Generative AI tool whenever you paraphrase, summarise, or quote any of the AI-generated content (text, image, data, etc.) in your assignment.
The Chicago Style Q&A recommends citing Generative AI either in your text, or in the footnote if a more formal citation is needed. No bibliography entry needed.
For a more formal citation as needed in a student paper:
In-text Citation Examples
Citation No. Author, Title, Publisher, Date, URL.
1. ChatGPT, response to “What is a proper noun?” OpenAI, May 8, 2023, https://chat.openai.com/chat.
2. Text generated by ChatGPT, May 8, 2023, March 8, 2023, https://chat.openai.com/chat.
No Bibliography Entry Needed
Related resources for more details
Cite the patents under the names of the creators, followed by Patent Name, Patent no, filing date and issuing date, and the source from which the patent information can be retrieved. For example:
1. Masanori Iizuka and Hideki Tanaka, Cement Admixture, US Patent 4,586,960, filed June 26, 1984, and issued May 6, 1986, https://patents.google.com/patent/US4586960.
Iizuka, Masanori, and Hideki Tanaka. Cement Admixture. US Patent 4,586,960, filed June 26, 1984, and issued May 6, 1986. https://patents.google.com/patent/US4586960.
Personal communications may cover the following examples:
Personal communications are usually run in to the text or given in a note. They are rarely listed in a bibliography. Most such information can be referred to simply as a conversation, message, or the like; the medium may be mentioned if relevant.
An email address or the like belonging to an individual should be omitted. Should it be needed in a specific context, it must be cited only with the permission of its owner.
Text examples:
In a conversation with the author on January 6, 2009, lobbyist Ann Adams admitted that . . .
Though inconclusive, a fifteen-second video shared with the author via Instagram by the subject’s family did suggest significant dementia.
Footnote examples:
1. Jane Smith, email message to author, April 23, 2017.
2. John Smith, Facebook direct message to author, April 30, 2017.
Be sure to check with your lecturer if these kinds of resources are suitable for use in your assignments.
To cite a standard published by a specific industry group or by a national or international standards organization, include the name of the organization, the title of the standard (in italics), an edition or other identifying number or label, and publication information. Standards consulted online should include a URL. In the notes, standards can be cited by title; in a bibliography entry, list under the group or organization, even if that entity is also the publisher.
Note Number. Title of Standard, Standard No (Publication details), page(s) cited, URL.
1. The Storage and Handling of Corrosive Substances, AS 3780-2008 (SAI Global, 2008), https://www.saiglobal.com.
2. Bibliographic References, ANSI/NISO Z39.29-2005 (Bethesda, MD: National Information Standards Organization, approved June 9, 2005; reaffirmed May 13, 2010), 3.2.2.
Note Number. Shortened Standard Title, page(s) cited.
3. The Storage and Handling, 4.
Organisation. Title of Standard. Standard No. Publication details. URL.
Standards Australia. The Storage and Handling of Corrosive Substances. AS 3780-2008. SAI Global, 2008. https://www.saiglobal.com.
National Information Standards Organization. Bibliographic References. ANSI/NISO Z39.29-2005. Bethesda, MD: NISO, approved June 9, 2005; reaffirmed May 13, 2010.