Select a tab above to view the general rules and examples for various other sources
Chicago does not have a specific format for how to reference case studies as an individual resource - the formatting is reliant on the source material in which the case study is found, e.g. for a case study featured in a book, you would reference the book.
If required for your assignment, the case study can be specifically mentioned in your text, just add the standard citation for the source. As the case study is something specific within a larger resource, it is recommended that you add a page number to your in-text citation to help the reader locate it.
For information on how to reference entries or chapters from reference works such as Dictionaries, Encyclopaedias, Thesaurii, Indexes, etc see the Book chapters page.
Be sure to check with your lecturer if these kinds of resources are suitable for use in your assignments.
The following is the general format of a reference to an ABS document. Add the URL if the document is found online.
... (Australian Bureau of Statistics Year of Publication) ...
... (Australian Bureau of Statistics 2018) ...
Australian Bureau of Statistics. Year. Title: Subtitle. Catalog No. Canberra: ABS. URL.
Australian Bureau of Statistics. 2019. Regional Population Growth, Australia, 2017-18. Cat. no. 3218.0. Canberra: ABS. http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/3218.0.
The general format (i.e. NOT Chicago specific) for referencing ABS publications is available online from the Australian Bureau of Statistics.
Book reviews can be published in a variety of sources such as newspapers or journals. When citing book reviews, the general formatting is reliant on the source material in which the book review is published, but the following information should be always added after the title of the review in the format of Review of Title of book, by Author's First and Last Name.
The general format for citing a book review:
Reviewer's Last Name, First Name. Year. "Title of Review." Review of Title of book, by Author's First and Last Name. Title of Source Work, vol no, issue no (Month or Season of Publication): Page Range. DOI or URL.
Example:
Kakutani, Michiko. 2016. "Zadie Smith’s ‘Swing Time’ Explores Friends’ Diverging Paths." Review of Swing Time, by Zadie Smith. New York Times, November 7, 2016. https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/08/books/zadie-smiths-swing-time-explores-friends-diverging-paths.html.
Schatz, Bruce R. 2000. "Learning by Text or Context?" Review of The Social Life of Information, by John Seely Brown and Paul Duguid. Science, 290, no. 5495 (November):1304. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.290.5495.1304.
To cite a data set, the minimum elements include the name of the dataset, a descriptive phrase or record locator (such as a data marker or accession number) indicating the part of the dataset being cited or explaining the nature of the reference, an access date, and a URL. In reference list, list under the name of the dataset. For example:
... (Dataset Name Year of Publication if available) ...
... (GenBank) ...
Dataset Name. Description or record locator. Access Date. DOI or URL.
GenBank (for RP11-322N14 BAC [accession number AC087526.3]; accessed July 6, 2018). http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/19683167.
Cite the patents under the names of the creators, followed by issuing year, patent name, patent no, filing date and issuing date (note that the year of issue is repeated to avoid ambiguity), and the source from which the patent information can be retrieved.
... (Creator's Last Name Year of Issue) ...
... (Iizuka and Tanaka 1986) ...
Creator's Last Names, First Name. Year. Patent Name. Patent No, filing date, issuing Date. DOI or URL.
Iizuka, Masanori, and Hideki Tanaka. 1986. Cement Admixture. US Patent 4,586,960, filed June 26, 1984, and issued May 6, 1986. https://patents.google.com/patent/US4586960.
Personal communications may cover the following examples:
Personal communications are usually run into the text or given in a parenthetical citation only. Reference list entries are not needed. Most such information can be referred to simply as a conversation, message, unpublished data, or the like; the medium may be mentioned if relevant. Initials may be used for first names.
An email address or the like belonging to an individual should be omitted. Should it be needed in a specific context, it must be cited only with the permission of its owner.
For examples:
In a conversation with the author on January 6, 2009, lobbyist Ann Adams admitted that . . .
Though inconclusive, a fifteen-second video shared with the author via Instagram by the subject’s family did suggest significant dementia.
... (Julie Cantor, pers. comm.) ...
... (Jonathan Lee, Facebook direct message to author, May 5, 2017) ...
... (Brenda Hasbrouck, text message to author, May 5, 2017) ...
... (C. R. Brown and M. B. Brown, unpublished data) ...
Reference list entries are not needed.
Be sure to check with your lecturer if these kinds of resources are suitable for use in your assignments.
Using AI tools without permission may be considered an academic integrity violation and may result in disciplinary action.
To cite a standard published by a specific industry group or by a national or international standards organization, include the name of the organization, the title of the standard (in italics), an edition or other identifying number or label, and publication information. Standards consulted online should include a URL. In the reference list, list the standard under the group or organization, even if that entity is also the publisher.
... (Organisation Year of Publication) ...
... (Standards Australia 2008) ...
Organisation. Year. Title of Standard. Standard No. Place of Publication: Publisher. URL.
Standards Australia. 2008. The Storage and Handling of Corrosive Substances. AS 3780-2008. SAI Global. https://www.saiglobal.com.
National Information Standards Organization. 2005. Bibliographic References. ANSI/NISO Z39.29-2005. Bethesda, MD: NISO, approved June 9, 2005; reaffirmed May 13, 2010.
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Please Note:
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The University of Newcastle library requires that you reference the Generative AI tool whenever you paraphrase, summarise, or quote any of the AI-generated content (text, image, data, etc.) in your assignment.
For the Chicago B Author-Date style, the Chicago Style Q&A recommends citing Generative AI in your text. No reference list entry needed.
In-text Citation Examples
“A proper noun is a type of noun that refers to a specific, unique person, place, thing, or idea” (ChatGPT, May 8, 2023).
Related resources for more details