The following information is for the reference list entries. See also:
Author Names
Book Titles
Edition
Place of Publication
Publisher
Year of Publication
eBooks
Secondary Sources
For citations taken from secondary sources, see the Secondary Sources page
The following is the general format of a reference to a print book with one author.
See the general rules for books for more details.
... (Author's Last Name Year of Publication) ...
... (Weller 2011) ... or Weller (2011) ...
... (Janke, 2021) ... or Janke (2021) ...
Author's Last Names, First Name. Year. Book Title: Subtitle. Edition. Place of Publication: Publisher.
Janke, Terri. 2021. True Tracks: Respecting Indigenous Knowledge and Culture. Sydney: NewSouth Publishing.
Weller, Martin. 2011. The Digital Scholar: How Technology Is Transforming Academic Practice. New York: Bloomsbury Publishing.
The following is the general format of a reference to a print book with two authors.
See the general rules for books for more details.
... (Last Name of Author One and Author Two Year of Publication) ...
... (Grazer and Fishman 2015) ...
1st Author's Last Name, First Name, and 2nd Author's First name Last name. Year. Book Title: Subtitle. Edition. Place of Publication: Publisher.
Grazer, Brian, and Charles Fishman. 2015. A Curious Mind: The Secret to a Bigger Life. New York: Simon & Schuster.
The following is the general format of a reference to a print book with three authors.
See the general rules for books for more details.
... (Last Name of Author One, Author Two, and Author Three Year of Publication) ...
... (Garner, Ferdinand, and Lawson 2015) ...
1st Author's Last Name, First Name, 2nd Author's First name Last name, and 3rd Author's First Name Last Name. Year. Book Title: Subtitle. Edition. Place of Publication: Publisher.
Garner, Robert, Peter Ferdinand, and Stephanie Lawson. 2015. Introduction to Politics, 3rd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
When a book has 4 or more authors, list only the first author followed by et al. in text citations. List all for up to 10 authors, or the first 7 followed by et al. for more than 10 authors in the reference list.
The following is the general format of a reference to a print book with four authors.
See the general rules for books for more details.
... (Last Name of Author One et al. Year of Publication) ...
... (Haralambos et al. 2013) ...
1st Author's Last Name, First Name, 2nd Author's First name Last name, 3rd Author's First name Last name, and 4th Author's First name Last name. Year. Book Title: Subtitle. Edition. Place of Publication: Publisher.
Haralambos, Michael, Martin Holborn, Steve Chapman, and Stephen Moore. 2013. Sociology: Themes and Perspectives, 8th ed. London: Collins Educational.
'Corporate authors' are groups, societies or organisations who have written publications. This includes universities, research groups, museums, government departments, professional associations, and so on.
The following is the general format of a reference to a book by a corporate author.
See the general rules for books for more details.
... (Corporate Author Year of Publication) ...
... (American Welding Society 2015) ...
Corporate Author. Year. Book Title: Subtitle. Edition. Place of Publication: Publisher.
American Welding Society. 2015. Guide for the Visual Examination of Welds, 3rd ed. Miami: American Welding Society.
Edited books usually contain chapters written by different authors. In most cases, you would actually want to reference the individual chapters you use from the edited book, not the edited book itself. See the Book chapters page for more information.
An edited work of one author is normally cited under the name of the author. See more details under the edited work of one author at the bottom of this page.
The following is the general format of a reference to an edited book of one editor. The editor is listed in place of an author, followed by the abbreviation ed. (editor; for more than one editor, use eds.). Note that the in-text citation does not include ed. or eds.
See the general rules for books for more details.
... (Editor's Last Name Year of Publication) ...
... (Healey 2009) ...
Editor's Last Name, First Name, ed. Year. Book Title: Subtitle. Edition. Place of Publication: Publisher.
Healey, Justin, ed. 2009. Stolen Generations: The Way Forward. Thirroul: Spinney Press.
The edited work of one author is normally listed with the author’s name appearing first and the name(s) of the editor(s) appearing after the title, preceded by edited by in reference list. For example:
... (Bonnefoy 1995) ...
Bonnefoy, Yves. 1995. New and Selected Poems. Edited by John Naughton and Anthony Rudolf. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Some books may not have an author or editor listed. If the author or editor is unknown, the in-text citation and the reference list entry should normally begin with the title. An initial article is ignored in alphabetizing. The in-text citations may refer to a short form of the title but must include the first word (other than an initial article).
The following is the general format of a reference to a print book with no author or editor.
See the general rules for books for more details.
... (Shortened Book Title Year of Publication) ...
... (Anzac Memorial 1916) ...
Book Title: Subtitle. Year. Edition. Place of Publication: Publisher.
Anzac Memorial: Published for the Benefit of the Returned Soldiers Association of New South Wales. 1916. Sydney: Returned Soldiers Association.
Please note that if a work is explicitly attributed to “Anonymous” (e.g., on the title page or at the head of the work), it should be cited accordingly.
When the publication date of a printed work cannot be ascertained, the abbreviation n.d. takes the place of the year in the reference.
The following is the general format of a reference to a print book without a publication date.
See the general rules for books for more details.
... (Author's Last Name, n.d.) ...
... (Kirby-Smith, n.d.) ...
Author's Last Names, First Name. n.d. Book Title: Subtitle. Edition. Place of Publication: Publisher.
Kirby-Smith, Virginia. n.d. The Development of Australian Theatre and Drama, 1788-1964. Ann Arbor: University Microfilms.
eBooks follow the same formatting patterns as those of print books, but add the DOI to the end of the citation. If no fixed page numbers are available, cite a section title or a chapter or other number in the text citation, if any (or simply omit).
The following is the general format of a reference to an ebook by one author with a DOI.
See the general rules for books for more details.
... (Author's Last Name Year of Publication) ...
... (Bonds 2014, chap. 3) ...
Author's Last Names, First Name. Year. Book Title: Subtitle. Edition. Place of Publication: Publisher. DOI of the book.
Bonds, Mark Evan. 2014. Absolute Music: The History of an Idea. New York: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199343638.001.0001.
eBooks follow the same formatting patterns as those of print books, but add the DOI or URL or Database Name, or the media maker such as Kindle to the end of the citation. For Open Access eBooks without DOI, use their URL. For eBooks from commercial databases (e.g. library databases), use the name of the database instead.
The following is the general format of a reference to an ebook without a DOI.
See the general rules for books for more details.
... (Author's Last Name Year of Publication) ...
... (Lystra 2004) ...
--- (Bhopal and Danaher 2013 ) ...
Author's Last Names, First Name. Year. Book Title: Subtitle. Edition. Place of Publication: Publisher. URL or Database Name.
Bhopal, Kalwant, and Patrick Alan Danaher. 2013. Identity and Pedagogy in Higher Education: International Comparisons. London: Bloomsbury Academic. ProQuest Ebook Central.
Lystra, Karen. 2004. Dangerous Intimacy: The Untold Story of Mark Twain’s Final Years. Berkeley: University of California Press. http://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/kt8779q6kr/.
Translated texts are republished works that have been translated from another original language. They can include ancient texts and modern works.
The translated work of one author is normally cited under the name of the author. See more details under the translated work of one author at the bottom of this page.
The following is the general format of a reference to a translated book without an author. See the general rules for books for more details.
... (Translator's Last Name Year of Publication) ...
... (Silverstein 1974) ...
Translator's Last Names, First Name, trans. Year. Book Title: Subtitle. Edition. Place of Publication: Publisher.
Silverstein, Theodore, trans. 1974. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
The translated work of one author is normally listed with the author’s name appearing first and the name(s) of the translator(s) appearing after the title, preceded by translated by. For example:
Menchú, Rigoberta. 1999. Crossing Borders. Translated and edited by Ann Wright. New York: Verso.