The following information is for the reference list entries. See also:
Author Names
Year of Publication
Article Titles
Journal Title
Volume Number
Issue Number
Lampel, Joseph, Theresa Lant, and Jamal Shamsie. 2000. “Balancing Act: Learning from Organizing Practices in Cultural Industries.” Organization Science 11 (3): 263–69.
When only an issue number is used, it is set off by commas and not enclosed in parentheses, e.g.
Meyerovitch, Eva. 1959. “The Gnostic Manuscripts of Upper Egypt.” Diogenes, no. 25, 84–117.
Page Numbers
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)
Most individual articles are assigned an identifying "digital object identifier" or DOI. If a DOI is available, include it at the end of reference.
DOIs is cited in the format starting with https://doi.org/xxxxxxx, e.g. https://doi.org/10.1086/679716.
In the absence of a DOI, include the short form of URL or a permalink if available. If the source is located from a library database, cite by the database name instead.
Check the What are DOIs? site for more information on DOIs.
Secondary Sources
For citations taken from secondary sources, see the Secondary Sources page
The following is the general format of a reference to an online journal article with one author.
See the general rules for journal articles for more details.
... (Author's Last Name Year of Publication) ...
... (Acciari 2014) ...
Add the page no to the in text citation when you including direct quotation, paraphrasing specific information or using secondary sources, e.g. (Baron 2013, 194).
Author's Last Names, First Name. Year. "Article Title: Subtitle." Title of Journal Vol no, issue no (Month or Season of Publication): page range. https://doi.org/10.xxxxxxxx.
Acciari, Monia. 2014. “The Italianization of Bollywood Cinema: Ad Hoc Films.” Studies in European Cinema 11, no. 1 (January): 14-25. https://doi.org/10.1080/17411548.2014.903099.
Baron, Naomi S. 2013. "Redefining Reading: The Impact of Digital Communication Media." PMLA 128, no. 1 (January): 193-200.
The following is the general format of a reference to an online journal article with two authors.
See the general rules for journal articles for more details.
... (Last Name of Author One and Author Two Year of Publication) ...
... (Narr and Krist 2015) ...
1st Author's Last Name, First Name, and 2nd Author's First name Last name. Year. "Article Title: Subtitle." Title of Journal Vol no, issue no (Month or Season of Publication): page range. https://doi.org/10.xxxxxxxx.
Narr, Charlotte F., and Amy C. Krist. 2015. “Host Diet Alters Trematode Replication and Elemental Composition.” Freshwater Science 34, no. 1 (March): 81–91. https://doi.org/10.1086/679411.
The following is the general format of a reference to an online journal article with three authors and a DOI.
See the general rules for journal articles for more details.
... (Last Name of Author One, Author Two, and Author Three Year of Publication) ...
... (Umbers, Symonds, and Kokko 2015) ...
1st Author's Last Name, First Name, 2nd Author's First name Last name, and 3rd Author's First name Last name. Year. "Article Title: Subtitle." Title of Journal Vol no, issue no (Month or Season of Publication): page range. https://doi.org/10.xxxxxxxx.
Umbers, Kate D. L., Matthew R. E. Symonds, and Hanna Kokko. 2015. “The Mothematics of Female Pheromone Signaling: Strategies for Aging Virgins.” American Naturalist 185, no. 3 (March): 417–32. https://doi.org/10.1086/679614.
When a journal article has 4 or more authors, list only the first author followed by et al. in in-text citation. List all for up to 10 authors in reference list; if there are more than 10 authors, list the first 7 followed by et al.
The following is the general format of a reference to an online journal article with four authors and a DOI.
See the general rules for journal articles for more details.
... (Last Name of Author One et al. Year of Publication) ...
... (Gmuca et al. 2015) ...
1st Author's Last Name, First Name, 2nd Author's First name Last name, 3rd Author's First name Last name, and 4th Author's First name Last name. year. "Article Title: Subtitle." Title of Journal Vol no, issue no (Month or Season of Publication): page range. https://doi.org/10.xxxxxxxx.
Gmuca, Natalia V., Linnea E. Pearson, Jennifer M. Burns, and Heather E. M. Liwanag. 2015. “The Fat and the Furriest: Morphological Changes in Harp Seal Fur with Ontogeny.” Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 88, no. 2 (March/April): 158–66. https://doi.org/10.1086/680080.
'Corporate authors' are organisations, associations, groups, or societies who have written publications. This includes universities, research groups, museums, government departments, professional associations, and so on.
To facilitate shorter parenthetical text citations, the organization may be listed under an abbreviation, e.g. (WTO 2019), in which case the entry must be alphabetised under that abbreviation (followed by the spelled-out name) in the reference list.
The following is the general format of a reference to a journal article by a corporate author with a DOI.
See the general rules for journal articles for more details.
... (Corporate Author Year of Publication) ...
... (SPRINT Research Group 2015) ...
... (ISO 1997 )...
Corporate Author. Year. "Article Title: Subtitle." Title of Journal Vol no, issue no (Month or Season of Publication): page range. https://doi.org/10.xxxxxxxx.
ISO (International Organization for Standardization). 1997. Information and Documentation—Rules for the Abbreviation of Title Words and Titles of Publications. ISO 4:1997. Paris: ISO.
SPRINT Research Group. 2015. “A Randomized Trial of Intensive Versus Standard Blood-Pressure Control.” New England Journal of Medicine 33, no. 22 (November): 2103-16. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMc1602668.
...(Anonymous 2015)...
Anonymous. 2015. “Our Family Secrets.” Annals of Internal Medicine 163, no. 4 (August): 321. https://doi-org/10.7326/M14-2168.
The following is the general format of a reference to a journal article without an author.
See the general rules for journal articles for more details.
... ("Shortened Article Title" Year of Publication) ...
... (“Pregnancy and Diabetes” 1910) ...
"Article Title: Subtitle." Year. Title of Journal Vol no, issue no (Month or Season of Publication): page range. https://doi.org/10.xxxxxxxx.
“Pregnancy and Diabetes.” 1910. Hospital 48, no.1260 (September): 736-37.
Many journal publishers provide access to articles before they have been assigned a volume, issue or page number, referring to them as "In Press", "Advance Publication", or "Online First" articles.
It is important to re-check references prior to submitting assessment tasks in case an 'in press' article has been assigned a volume, issue and page numbers. If this is the case, ensure you re-format the citation following the guidelines on the appropriate tab on this page for the number of authors the article has.
If an article has been accepted for publication by a journal but has not yet appeared, forthcoming stands in place of the year and the page numbers. Any article not yet accepted should be treated as an unpublished manuscript. For example:
... (Adams, forthcoming) ...
Adams, Anna. Forthcoming. “Article Title.” Journal Title 98.
If an article is published by a journal electronically ahead of the official publication date, use the posted publication date. For example:
... (Jubb 2015) ...
Jubb, Robert. 2015. “The Real Value of Equality.” Journal of Politics 77, no. 3, published ahead of print, April 14, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1086/681262.
Where possible always refer to the final versions of your sources.
If an online journal article does not have a DOI assigned, add the URL at the end of the citation if the article is available freely on the web, or add the database name at the end of the citation if the article is located in a library database.
See the general rules for journal articles for more details.
... (Author's Last Name Year of Publication) ...
... (Maddison 1999)...
... (Brody 2014)...
Author's Last Names, First Name. Year. "Article Title: Subtitle." Title of Journal Vol no, issue no (Month or Season of Publication): page range. Database or URL.
Brody, Jules. 2014. “Fate, Philology, Freud.” Philosophy and Literature 38, no. 1 (April): 1-29. Project MUSE.
Maddison, Sarah. 1999. "Private Men, Public Anger: The Men's Rights Movement in Australia." Journal of Interdisciplinary Gender Studies 4, no 2 (December): 39-51. http://hdl.handle.net/1959.13/1048435.
The following is the general format of a reference to a print journal article with one author which does not have a DOI.
See the general rules for journal articles for more details.
... (Author's Last Name Year of Publication) ...
... (Cavell 1978) ...
Author's Last Names, First Name. Year. "Article Title: Subtitle." Title of Journal Vol no, issue no (Month or Season of Publication): page range.
Cavell, Stanley. 1978. "What Becomes of Things on Film?" Philosophy and Literature 2, no. 2 (Fall): 249-57.