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JAMA Referencing Style:  Images & tables

UON Library guide to JAMA Referencing Style for UON staff and students

Figures and Tables: General Rules

 

The term figure refers to any graphical display used to present information or data, including statistical graphs, maps, matrixes, algorithms, illustrations, digital images, photographs, and other clinical images included in sources. See AMA manual 4.2 for details. 

For information on citing tables or standalone maps See the Tables or Maps tab above.

 

Citing or using images

 

Citing images

  • When citing (not reprinting) an image from a book or other sources, cite the source first, then follow it with the information of the image.

Using (reprinting or adapting) figures

  • Figures and tables taken from other sources require credit lines. A credit line should include the source information and page or figure number. A credit line usually appears at the end of a caption of a figure, or in a source note of a table. 
  • Figures and tables must be numbered consecutively in Arabic numerals (1, 2, 3, etc.)  in the order in which they appear within the text, for example, the first figure is labeled "Figure 1", the second "Figure 2", and so on. 
  • Refer to each figure or table in text by their number, for example,  "Figure 1" or "Table 4", etc.
  • If you are WRITING FOR PUBLICATION (for a journal, conference paper, thesis, website, etc.) you must obtain written permission from the copyright owner to include the figure or table in your work, and state the permission in the source citation as 'Reprinted with permission from ...'
  • Copyright holder may be the publisher, author or illustrator.
  • While students don't usually require publisher permission to include figures or tables in assignments, you should still include the credit line in your assignments.

Figures: citing or reprinting

 

  • Use original figures rather than those already published if possible
  • When citing (not reprinting) a figure from a book or other sources, cite the source first, followed by the information of the figure.
  • When using Figures taken from other sources see the section below for more details.

See the general rules for images for more details. 

 

Reference list entry: format and example

 

Citing figures appearing in  Books

Citation No.  Author. Title: Subtitle. Edition. Publisher; Year of Publication. Figure no, Figure title: page no. DOI or URL

Haveles EB. Applied Pharmacology for the Dental Hygienist. 6th ed. Mosby; 2011. Figure 17.1, Classification of common mental illnesses: 224.

 

Using figures taken from other sources

 

If you are including a figure from another source in your assignment, you need provide the source citation and credit lines with the figure. 

  • Copy the figure exactly as found in the original source, unless you need to adapt it.
  • Number figures consecutively as they appear in your assignment and capitalise the figure titles headline style.
  • Acknowledge the original source following the caption under the figure.
  • Captions should be capitalised in sentence case.
  • If the original source in which the figure has been published is included in the reference list, the reference may be cited in the legend, with the citation number for the reference corresponding to its first appearance in the text, tables, or figures
  • Students don't usually require publisher permission to include figures in assignments unless your assignment will be published. 

The following is an example of reproducing a figure from a book. For reusing figures from other sources, follow the citation pattern for that source. 

 

Figure 1. Surgical Mask (Left) and N95 Mask (Right)

Reproduced from Doyle and McCutcheon3  ©2015 by BCcampus, licensed under CC-BY4.0. 

 

Reference list entry 

3.   Doyle GR, McCutcheon JA. Clinical Procedures for Safer Patient Care. BCcampus; 2015. Chapter 1.4, Additional precautions and personal protective equipment (PPE). Accessed February 6, 2023. https://opentextbc.ca/clinicalskills

[This eBook does not use page numbers so the chapter information has been included instead. This will assist with locating the original figure]

 

Adapting or changing the figure?

 In the caption under the figure change the word 'Reprinted from' to 'Adapted from' to show that you have changed the original (even in a small way). 

Where Creative Commons licences are involved (and allow adaptation), you should include a statement at the end that explains how you have changed the material. Short and simple is OK here, it's more to show that the material has been changed.

 

Reproduction note: 

The figure above, reprinted from Clinical Procedures for Safer Patient Care, has been reproduced under the Creative Commons License. This notice is separate from the figure so as not to confuse the referencing in the figure caption.

Clinical Procedures for Safer Patient Care by Glynda Rees Doyle and Jodie Anita McCutcheon: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License

Maps

 

  • The information here is about citing maps. For information on reprinting maps to be used in your paper, see the tab 'Figures - citing or reprinting' above.
  • In general, citing a published freestanding map is similar to citing a book.
  • Citing a map as a part of other sources such as books or atlases, cite the source first, and follow it with the information about the map, see examples 3-4. 

The following is the general format and example of citing a standalone map in print, a Google map, and a map from a book and an eBook. 

See the general rules for images for more details. 

 

Reference list entry: format and example

 

  Citing freestanding maps in print

Citation No.  Cartographer. Title: Subtitle. Edition. Publisher; Year of publication.

1.   Buchholz D, cartographer. Street Map, San Diego, Southern Area. Global Graphics; 2000.

 

  Citing freestanding online maps (eg a Google map)

Citation No.  Cartographer. Title: Subtitle. Edition. Publisher; Year of Publication. Accessed date. URL

2.   Satellite View of Newcastle NSW Australia. Google Earth; 2023. Accessed February 7, 2023.  https://www.google.com/maps/@-32.9546526,151.6396797,48499m/data=!3m1!1e3

 

  Citing maps appearing in print books 

Citation No.  Author<. Title: Subtitle. Edition. Publisher; Year of Publication. Map no, Map title: page no.

3.   Kelly M. Anchored in a Small Cove: A History and Archaeology of The Rocks, Sydney. Sydney Cove Authority; 1997. Map of The Rocks area: 8-9.

 

  Citing maps appearing in eBooks 

Citation No.  Author. Title: subtitle. Edition. Publisher; Year of Publication. Map no. Map title: Page  Accessed date. DOI or URL

4.  Freeman C. Egypt, Greece, and Rome: Civilizations of the Ancient Mediterranean. 3rd ed. Oxford University Press; 2014. Map 2, Ancient Egypt: 39. Accessed February 8, 2023. https://ebookcentral.proquest.com

Tables: citing or reprinting

 

  • Use original tables rather than those already published if possible.
  • When citing (not reprinting) a table from other sources, cite the source first, followed by the information of the table.
  • When using Tables taken from other sources see the details below.

See the general rules for images for more information. 

 

Reference list entry: format and example

 

Citing a table from print books 

Citation No.  Author. Title: Subtitle. Edition. Publisher; Year of Publication. Table no, Table title: page no.

1.   Lowey SE. Nursing Care at the End of Life. Open SUNY Textbooks. Table 9.2 Signs and symptoms of imminent death: 80.

 

Citing a table from eBooks 

Citation No.  Author. Title: Subtitle Edition. Publisher; Year of Publication. Table no, Table title:  page no. Accessed date. DOI or URL

2.   Lowey SE. Nursing Care at the End of Life. Open SUNY Textbooks. Table 9.2 Signs and symptoms of imminent death: 80. Accessed February 8, 2023. https://milnepublishing.geneseo.edu/nursingcare/

 

 

Reproducing tables taken from other sources

 

If you are reproducing a table from another source within an assignment, you need provide the source notes with the table. 

  • Copy the table exactly as found in the original source, unless you need to adapt it (see the info below).
  • The table number and title go above the table, see the example below.
  • Acknowledge the original source within a note included directly underneath the table.
  • If you have adapted or borrowed the data from the table, you may use the following in the note
    • 'Adapted from ...' if you have adapted or changed the table; or
    • 'Data from ...' or 'Data were derived from ...' if you have used the data from another source in your own table.
  • In addition to author, title, publication details and copyright statement, the source note should include any page and/or table number.
  • If the original source in which the table has been published is included in the reference list, the reference may be cited in the note with the citation number of the source.
  • Students don't usually require publisher permission to include tables in assignments unless your assignment will be published. 
  • If you are WRITING FOR PUBLICATION (for a journal, conference paper, thesis, website, etc.) you must obtain written permission from the copyright owner to reuse the table in your work, and put in the note as "Reproduced with permission from..." See details via the tab for Writing for publication above.
  • Where Creative Commons licences are involved (and allow adaptation), if you change the material you should include a statement at the end that explains how you have changed it. Short and simple is OK here, it's more to show that the material has been changed.

 

The following is an example of reprinting a table from a book. For reusing tables from other sources, follow the citation pattern for that source. 

 

Table 1. Nursing Interventions for the Stages of Dying

Reprinted from Lowey5 ©2015 by Susan E. Lowey, licensed under CC-BY-NC-SA 4.0

 

Reference List Entry:

5.   Lowey SE. Nursing Care at the End of Life. Open SUNY Textbooks; 2015. Table 3.1. Nursing interventions for the stages of dying: 23. Accessed February 8, 2023. https://milnepublishing.geneseo.edu/nursingcare. 

 

Reproduction note: 

The table above, reprinted from Nursing Care at the End of Life has been reproduced under the Creative Commons License. This notice is separate from the table so as not to confuse the referencing in the table notes.

Nursing Care at the End of Life by Susan. E. Lowey: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License

Reproducing figures or tables when writing for publication

 

If you are including a figure or table you found in another source, and you are WRITING FOR PUBLICATION (for a journal, conference paper, thesis, website, etc.) you must:

  • Obtain written permission from the copyright owner to include the figure or table in your work
  • Copy the figure or table exactly as found in the original source, unless you need to adapt it
  • Acknowledge the original source within the figure caption or table note as 'Reproduced with permission from...'
  • This is the case even if you change or adapt something in the figure or table, use 'Adapted with permission from' if applicable. 
  • If the original source in which the figure/table has been published is included in the reference list, the reference may be cited with the citation number for the source (see the figure example below), otherwise, provide the full reference with the figure/table (see the table example below).

 

Figure example taken from a journal article:

An example is shown below using the template for a figure from a journal article. The pattern follows the style of caption for your image source, plus a notice of permission, the source citation, and the copyright statement. 

For figures from other sources, follow the pattern for the source and add the required notice of permission and copyright statement.

 

Figure 1. The Clinical Reasoning Process with Descriptors
Image

Reproduced with permission from Nurse Education Today.1 Copyright 2010 by Elsevier. 

Reference List Entry:

1.   Levett-Jones T, Hoffman K, Dempsey J, et al. The five rights of clinical reasoning: an educational model to enhance nursing students' ability to identify and manage clinically 'at risk' patients. Nurse Educ Today. 2010;30(6):515-520; Figure 1. The clinical reasoning process with descriptors: 517.

 

 

Table example taken from a journal article:

An example is shown below using the template for a table from a journal article. The pattern follows the style of note for your image source, plus a notice of permission after the copyright statement: "Copyright 2010 by Elsevier. Reproduced with permission."

For tables from other sources, follow the pattern for that source and add the required notice of permission and copyright statement.

 

Table 1. The Difference Between Cue Collection in Experienced and Novice Nurses

Table

Reproduced with permission from Levett-Jones T et al. The five rights of clinical reasoning: an educational model to enhance nursing students' ability to identify and manage clinically 'at risk' patients. Nurse Educ Today. 2010;30(6):515-520: 518. Copyright 2010 by Elsevier. 

 

 

Adapting or changing the figure or table?

 In the caption under the figure (or source note under the table) change the wording 'Reproduced with permission from' to 'Adapted with permission from' to show that you have changed the original (even in a small way).

 

 

Reproduction note: 

The figure and table above, reproduced from Nurse Education Today, have been reproduced with permission. This notice is separate from the figure and table so as not to confuse the referencing in the figure caption and table note.

Subjects: Referencing