'Information prominent': the author's name is within the parentheses, e.g. (Smith and Jones 2021)
'Author prominent' (the author's name is part of the sentence, only the year is in the parentheses): e.g. Smith and Jones (2021)
Every time you quote, paraphrase, or use an idea from another source you must include an in-text citation to that source. A maximum of 2 authors are cited in-text.
See the general rules for in-text citations for more details:
Australian education providers will need to address a number of challenges to ensure standards of special education are fully supporting students with special needs and their families (Smith 2022).
...new technologies need to be evaluated before large scale investment is made by organisations (Smith and Jones 2022).
For a work by three or more authors, use the first author’s surname plus the Latin term ‘et al.’ (meaning ‘and others’).
Don’t use italics for ‘et al.’, e.g. Smith et al. (2022) ... or ... (Smith et al. 2022)
See the general rules for in-text citations for more details:
('Short Title' Year of Publication)
... to avoid visiting the doctor ('Australians turning to Dr Google' 2016).
(Short Title Year of Publication)
... a memorial to all Australians who lost their lives in service during the First World War (Anzac Memorial 2012)...
If the source has a corporate author (e.g. a university, association, or government department), include the corporate author and year in the in-text citation as (Corporate Author Year of Publication).
For example:
In-text citation
Australian trade with India expanded significantly in the second half of the decade (DFAT 2018).
Reference list
DFAT (Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade) (2018) Fact sheets for countries and regions – India, DFAT, accessed 9 July 2021.
When you reference works by authors who SHARE the SAME SURNAME, but who are in fact different people, you may:
* This is not addressed currently in the Style Manual, but adding the initial to the author names helps readers avoid confusion with the in-text referencing and allows easier location of entries in your reference list.
Additional works by the same author(s) are cited by date only, separated by commas, e.g.
(Whittaker 1967, 1975; Wiens 1989a, 1989b)
(Wong 1999:328, 2000:475)
When citing multiple works in the same in-text citation, use semicolons between citations. Enclose all the citations in one set of parentheses.
For example, Other researchers reported similar results (White and Jones 2017; Black 2018; Abaza 2019).
Citations of different locations in a single sources are separated by commas:
For example: ... (Baron 2019, 194, 200, 197-98)...
Citing two or more publications by the same author
If you need to cite two or more publications by the same author, order the citations by the year.
For example: ...reading and the physical media (Baron 2004, 2008) ...
If you include a direct quote, that is word-for-word, from a source, the in-text citation will include the author, year, and page numbers where the quotation appeared if available. Direct quotations must be accurate and follow the wording, spelling, and punctuation of the original source.
For a short quotation (no more than 4 lines or 30 words):
Reading is 'just half of literacy. The other half is writing' (Baron 2013:194).
For a long quotation (more than 4 lines or 30 words) that is set in a separate block off from the text (block quotation, indented, without quotation marks), type a space after the concluding punctuation mark of the quotation and insert the in-text citation. There is no punctuation before or after the citation.
Sources cited within another source are known as 'secondary sources'. In-text citations to secondary sources must cite both the original source and the secondary source in the format of (original source cited in secondary source), and list the secondary source only in the reference list entry.
For example, Grieve and Gear’s work from 1966 is being cited in Kirtley’s 2006 book on page 23. If you could not access the original Grieve and Gear’s work from 1966, you could reference it as a secondary source:
… the pattern (Grieve and Gear 1966 cited in Kirtley 2006:23) ... or ... Grieve and Gear (1966 quoted in Kirtley 2006:23) suggest a pattern of ...
In the reference list, list only the work you have actually consulted, i.e. Kirtley’s 2006 book, not Grieve and Gear’s work from 1966.
By following this pattern we are crediting the original author while being able to reference the source we are actually using.