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To insert a footnote into the text in MS Word:
1. click where you want to insert a footnote in the text, then
2. click the References tab, and then
3. click Insert Footnote
A superscript note number will be inserted into the text, and a corresponding footnote number created at the bottom of page.
To change the footnote number from superscript to normal size:
1. Highlight the note number
2. On the Home tab, click the Superscript icon X
2
3. To change it back, click the icon again
Some referencing styles, such as APA or Chicago, require the reference list formatted with a hanging indent (the second and any subsequent lines are all indented further than the first line).
To format the reference list with a hanging indent in word:
1. Highlight the reference list
2. On the
Home tab, click the arrow in the bottom right of the Paragraph group
3. On the Paragraph popup window, under Indentation, in the Special list, select Hanging
4. In By, type or select the value of indentation
5. Click OK to finish.
See detailed instructions for both Windows and Mac users at Microsoft training site
Some referencing styles, such as APA, Harvard and Chicago, require the reference list formatted in alphabetical order.
To format the reference list in alphabetical order in word:
1. Highlight the reference list
2. On the
Home tab, click the A-Z Sort icon within the Paragraph group
3. On the Sort Text popup window, set Sort by to Paragraphs and Text
4. Choose Ascending (A to Z)
5. Click OK to finish.
You reference list entries should be listed alphabetically as required.
The types of common knowledge may include:
- Undisputed historical facts (e.g. Second World War began in 1939)
- Known formulas or equations (e.g. E = mc2)
- Authors of very well known works (e.g. Origin of Species by Charles Darwin)
As common knowledge is accepted as commonly reliable, it does not need to be cited. However, depending on the readership or audience, common knowledge for one group may not be for another. So if you are not sure, cite it.
A direct quotation involves taking someone’s exact words and repeating them in your writing. A direct quotation can be a phrase, sentence, or paragraph from a book, journal article, web page or another source.
You must reference direct quotations properly to show where the words have been taken from, otherwise you may be at risk of plagiarism.
To reference a direct quotation:
- Put the direct quotation in quotation marks for short quotations (e.g. less than 3 lines)
- Put a long direct quotation into a separate paragraph and indent it (i.e. Block quotation)
- Add the page number within the in-text citation (placed usually at the end of the quotation)
- Provide a reference list entry with full details for the quotation.
To reference properly, you must understand:
- The referencing style required by your course, such as APA, Chicago, or MLA.
- The source you are using, to see if it is a book, a journal article, or a website.
- The elements required for the source, e.g. the author, date, title and publication details.
- The requirement for in-text citation and the reference list (or bibliography).
You can do the referencing manually or make use of the Citing tools from the databases. The citation management programs such as EndNote or Zotero can also help if you have a large number of references.
Plagiarism is presenting another person's ideas or works as your own. This includes:
- using another person’s work without referencing it
- copying other students' work
- submitting your own work that has been submitted previously for another course or at another institution.
Plagiarism is a serious academic misconduct. To avoid plagiarism you must reference any sources you have used for your assignment.
A reference list, also called “works cited” list, is a list of books, journal articles and all the other sources that you have cited within your paper. A reference list entry lists the details of each cited publications including author, title, date and location of the item. Each in-text citation will appear on the reference list and vice versa.
Bibliography is a list of books, journal articles and all the other sources that you have consulted or cited when writing your paper. A bibliography entry lists the details of each publication including author, title, date and location of the item.
The difference between a bibliography and a reference list is that the latter lists only references actually cited in the text, not the items consulted but not cited directly in the paper. However, these two terms may be used interchangeably sometimes by your lecturers. If so, make sure to clarify this with your lecturer.
A referencing style is a set of rules that govern the content (or elements) and the format of your references including in-text citations and reference list or bibliography entries.
There are many different styles of referencing. The commonly used referencing styles at UON include AGLC, APA, Chicago, MLA, Vancouver, Harvard, IEEE and JAMA.
A permalink is a permanent URL to a web page that stays active and unchanged overtime. A permalink, if available, should be used in referencing when a URL is required.
Permalink is available for books in our library catalog Newcat and for journal articles in some of the library databases.
Paraphrasing is rewording the information or ideas of others into your own words in your assignment. The information or ideas may come from books, journal articles, internet or other sources. You must provide a full reference for paraphrased information. Some referencing styles also require to provide the page number where the paraphrased information is originally located.
